Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse. Somewhat like summoning the homophonic movie character, astronomers have hoped that repeated studies of this iconic red supergiant star would reveal its long-suspected stellar companion. Now, after years of theoretical predictions and observational hints, proof of its existence has apparently arrived.
Betelgeuse is one of the most conspicuous stars in the heavens above. You’ve almost certainly noticed it, even if not by name, as the gleaming red dot marking the right “shoulder” of the constellation of Orion. It’s famed among astronomers, too, as one of the largest visible stars in the night sky—if it were to replace our own sun, Betelgeuse would engulf all the planets out to and including Mars. But despite being so well-known, there’s much still to learn about this star; researchers don’t yet know, for instance, just how far away it is, with the best estimate placing it slightly shy of 600 light-years distant from Earth.
Speculations about a smaller companion star for Betelgeuse date as far back as 1986, but any actual evidence for its reality has come only relatively recently. In January, for instance, scientists announced that years of observations from the Hubble Space Telescope showed what could be the possible second star passing in front of Betelgeuse once every six years.
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To settle the issue once and for all, a team of researchers went looking for the companion using an instrument called SPHERE-ZIMPOL on the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope in Chile. SPHERE-ZIMPOL is custom-built for high-contrast imaging, the sort of capability required for teasing out the meager light of an exoplanet (or a small stellar companion) against the dazzling brilliance a far larger and brighter star. But even this mighty instrument couldn’t easily cut through Betelgeuse’s overpowering glare; the team chose to look in December 2024—a time when earlier work had predicted the hypothesized companion wouldn’t be obscured by Betelgeuse itself and would be near its maximum separation from the red supergiant in the sky. After months of painstaking data processing, the companion—formally known as Betelgeuse B—swam into view on their computer monitors as a faint blip of light.
Their results, reported in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, constitute a “gorgeous detection,” says Andrea Dupree, an astronomer and study coauthor at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian. “I mean, it’s really there!” And besides offering a mere existence proof, she adds, the study provides new details about the companion, which “seems to be about three solar masses”—much heavier than previous, more piecemeal estimates had guessed.
In astronomy, however, seeing isn’t always believing; clouds of orbiting dust or far-distant background galaxies could masquerade as a planetary point of light around a star. But in this case, there are other reasons to be convinced that Betelgeuse B is genuine, says Meredith Joyce, an astronomer at the University of Wyoming who was not part of this latest study.
“I trust it for a number of reasons,” she says, pointing out that the findings are consistent with several other papers released in recent years. Even the one discrepancy she found was minor: Joyce said her work suggested the companion’s mass would be smaller than what was imaged. However, she noted her calculations were based on a library of data from other stars that is, by its nature, imperfect.
“The models we were using to make those sort of mass estimates were pretty sparsely sampled,” she says.
One of Betelgeuse’s most notorious mysteries is its strange habit of brightening and dimming. In 2019, this fading was so pronounced—Betelgeuse’s so-called Great Dimming—that some observers thought it might be experiencing the death throes that precede a star exploding in a supernova. By the next year, the star’s luminosity had returned to normal. That dimming and re-brightening was likely due to a coronal mass ejection—a huge expulsion of stellar material—and was unrelated to Betelgeuse B, Dupree says.
The paper published in January, which Dupree worked on, offered an observation hint of Betelgeuse B. In it, she and her coauthors used relatively small and inexpensive telescopes to discern a ripple in the larger star’s atmosphere that’s now obviously the wake raised by Betelgeuse B’s gravitational pull. With the smaller star now confirmed, Dupree hopes to use the same method to monitor other massive stars for hidden companions. Taking a more complete census of such systems, she says, could help astronomers better understand the vagaries of star formation and the finer details of how supergiants live and die.
For now however, despite their relative certainty the team is calling for further observations to shore up their result; if subsequent studies show the point of light orbiting around the star and periodically disappearing behind it as expected, their discovery will be undeniable. “We’ll see,” Dupree says.
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