Science

Scientific discoveries, research breakthroughs, space exploration, and advancements across all science fields.

  • World Vision Australia wins Green Climate Fund accreditation

    World Vision Australia wins Green Climate Fund accreditation

    World Vision Australia has been accredited by the Green Climate Fund (GCF), a move that puts the organisation into a…

  • Pallet shredder cuts waste costs at UK distributor

    Pallet shredder cuts waste costs at UK distributor

    When you picture industrial waste, it’s usually something grim sitting at the edge of a site. At K Engineering Group…

  • Argentina moves to weaken glacier protection law

    Argentina moves to weaken glacier protection law

    Argentina’s President Javier Milei has taken steps to reform the country’s existing glacier protection law, and the plan is moving…

  • The diesel price spike quietly draining billions from the US economy

    The diesel price spike quietly draining billions from the US economy

    The first thing many drivers check is the cost of gasoline. But diesel has been climbing fast, too—and new analysis…

  • 哪些国家因颗粒物空气污染付出的代价最大?

    哪些国家因颗粒物空气污染付出的代价最大?

    在世界卫生组织的估计里,空气污染每年让全球约700万人过早离开人间——而其中大头多半和PM2.5有关。问题是,颗粒物的影响从来不是均匀铺开的:同样的一口“脏空气”,不同国家、不同地区承受的代价会很不一样。 Misryoum newsroom通过对北半球各区域的空气污染后果建模梳理发现,研究聚焦于PM2.5这一类直径小于2.5微米的颗粒物。它能进入肺部和血液,进而牵动呼吸系统与心血管系统疾病。更复杂的是,导致PM2.5并不只有“直接排放”的那一部分:工厂、船只、汽车和发电厂排放的氨(NH3)、氮氧化物(NOX)和二氧化硫(SO2)等,也会作为前体物参与形成PM2.5。 为了弄清减排政策到底该从哪里下手,Oztaner等人对北半球不同区域的污染结果做了建模,并用一种被国际机构广泛采用的成熟路径计算减排带来的效益。他们使用美国环保署(EPA)社区多尺度空气质量(CMAQ)建模平台的多相伴随模型(multiphase adjoint model),从“挽救生命”和“节省资金”两个角度来评估减少多种污染物的影响。不过,这套评估方式也不是没有争议——在衡量生命价值时,部分结果会依据各国的人均国内生产总值(GDP),这就把研究推到伦理问题的边缘。 总体结果倒是清晰得让人有点心惊:如果所有模型中的排放量减少10%,北半球每年将能挽救513,700人的生命,并节省1.2万亿美元的费用。死亡率降幅最大的,集中在中国和印度;对应的估计是,每年分别可挽救184,000人和124,000人。说到钱,成本节约幅度最大的也是中国,紧随其后的是欧洲和北美。健康效益并不只取决于“减多少”,还和污染物类型、行业结构有关——比如在中国,氨(NH3)造成的危害更大;而在欧洲,氮氧化物(NOx)的影响相对更突出(至少在这组模型里是这样)。 研究还把目光落到排放来源上。Misryoum editorial desk指出,在整个北半球,农业部门是颗粒物及前体物污染的主要来源之一。预计农业相关排放量减少10%可挽救95,000人的生命,并节省约2900亿美元。其次则是居民区和工业区。你可以想象,很多政策并不是只有“减少工业烟囱”这么直观——它可能还要绕到更分散、更难管理的环节去,比如农业相关活动。 不过,作者也提醒比较要谨慎。Misryoum analysis显示,一部分原因在于污染物浓度与健康结果之间并不总是线性关系;另一部分则在于,不同地区在核算各行业排放量时可能采用不同的方法。还有一个局限更“硬”:这项研究只关注与PM2.5相关的死亡率,并没有把臭氧等其他污染物算进去。于是,结论听起来像是给决策者递来一张参考清单,但同时也留了点尾巴——哪怕方向对了,细节怎么落地,仍需要进一步校准与补充。 写到这儿,我反而会想到一个小瞬间:走在城市边缘时,车流的尾气味道会在低处更明显一点——那种刺鼻感让人很难把污染当成抽象数据。但在这份建模结果里,污染的代价被量化成生命与经费;而谁能从减排里拿到最大收益,答案正在向少数地区更集中地靠拢。 Radio Universe review: how radio telescopes “listen”…

  • Radio Universe review: how radio telescopes “listen” to space

    Radio Universe review: how radio telescopes “listen” to space

    When you pick up Emma Chapman’s new book, Radio Universe: How to explore space without leaving Earth, it’s hard not…

  • Orion’s lunar crew returns safely after high-speed splashdown

    Orion’s lunar crew returns safely after high-speed splashdown

    Four astronauts are back home after Orion’s daring trip around the Moon—one that ends a long wait, nearly 54 years,…

  • Plantwatch: the cactus that lures bats with its fuzzy acoustic hat

    Plantwatch: the cactus that lures bats with its fuzzy acoustic hat

    There’s a very particular kind of plant trick out there: instead of relying on smell, it goes after sound. Some…

  • AI advances could bring human-animal conversation closer

    AI advances could bring human-animal conversation closer

    In the animated movie Up, a boisterous dog wears an electronic collar that translates his doggy thoughts into English words.…

  • Erica Schwartz nominated to lead the CDC

    Erica Schwartz nominated to lead the CDC

    The White House has nominated former Navy physician Erica Schwartz to lead the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.…

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